The Curia Regis in England was a council of tenants-in-chief and
ecclesiastics that advised the King of England on legislative matters. It
replaced its Anglo-Saxon predecessor, the Witenagemot, a popular assembly
that developed into a sort of crown council, after the Norman invasion of
1066. William of Normandy brought to England the feudal system of his
native Normandy, and sought the advice of the curia regis, before making
laws. This body is the germ from which Parliament, the higher courts of
law, and the Privy Council and Cabinet have sprung. Of these, the
legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the
Supreme Court of Judicature; and only the executive government is no longer
conducted in a royal court. The tenants-in-chief often struggled with their
spiritual counterparts and with the King for power. In 1215, they secured
from John the Magna Carta, which established that the King may not levy or
collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto
accustomed), save with the consent of a council. It was also established
that the most important tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics be summoned to
the council by personal writs from the Sovereign, and that all others be
summoned 2 the council by general writs from the sheriffs of their
counties. Modern government has its origins in the Curia Regis; parliament
descends from the Great Council later known as the parliamentum established
by Magna Carta. The first English Parliament was formed during the reign of
King Henry III in the 13th century. In 1265, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of
Leicester, who was in rebellion against Henry III, summoned a parliament of
his supporters without any or prior royal authorisation. The archbishops,
bishops, abbots, earls and barons were summoned, as were two knights from
each shire and two burgesses from each borough. Knights had been summoned
to previous councils, but the representation of the boroughs was
unprecedented. De Montfort's scheme was formally adopted by Edward I
in the so-called "Model Parliament" of 1295. At first, each
estate debated independently; by the reign of Edward III, however,
Parliament had been separated into two Houses and was assuming recognisably
its modern form. Originally, there was only the Parlement of Paris, born
out of the Curia Regis in 1307, and located inside the medieval royal
palace, now the Paris Hall of Justice. The jurisdiction of the Parlement of
Paris covered the entire kingdom. In the thirteenth century, judicial
functions were added. In 1443, following the turmoil of the Hundred
Years' War, King Charles VII of France granted Languedoc its own
parlement by establishing the Parlement of Toulouse, the first parlement
outside of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over the most part of
southern France. From 1443 until the French Revolution several other
parlements were created in some provinces of France. All the parlements
could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of
customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they
judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely.
Parliamentary power in France was suppressed more so than in England as a
result of absolutism, and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the
larger Estates General, up until the French Revolution, when the National
Assembly became the lower house of France's bicameral legislature.
(The Sénat being the upper house). From the 10th century the Kingdom of
Alba was ruled by chiefs (toisechs) and subkings (mormaers) under the
suzerainty, real or nominal, of a High King. Popular assemblies, as in
Ireland, were involved in law-making, and sometimes in king-making,
although the introduction of tanistry—naming a successor in the lifetime of
a king—made the second less than common. These early assemblies cannot be
considered "parliaments" in the later sense of the word, and were
entirely separate from the later, Norman-influenced, institution.The
Parliament of Scotland evolved during the Middle Ages from the King's
Council of Bishops and Earls. The unicameral parliament is first found on
record, referred to as a colloquium, in 1235 at Kirkliston (a village now
in Edinburgh).By the early fourteenth century the attendance of knights and
freeholders had become important, and from 1326 burgh commissioners
attended. Consisting of the Three Estates; of clerics, lay tenants-in-chief
and burgh commissioners sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish
parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most
obviously it was needed for consent for taxation (although taxation was
only raised irregularly in Scotland in the medieval period), but it also
had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and all manner of
other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic.
Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister"
institutions, before c. 1500 by General Council and thereafter by the
Convention of Estates. These could carry out much business also dealt with
by Parliament — taxation, legislation and policy-making — but lacked the
ultimate authority of a full parliament.The parliament, which is also
referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates, the Scots
Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (Eng: old), met until the Acts of
Union merged the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England,
creating the new Parliament of Great Britain in 1707.According to the
Chronicles of Gallus Anonymus, the first legendary Polish ruler, Siemowit,
who began the Piast Dynasty, was chosen by a wiec. The veche (Russian:
25G5, Polish: wiec) was a popular assembly in medieval Slavic countries,
and in late medieval period, a parliament. The idea of the wiec led in 1182
to the development of the Polish parliament, the Sejm. The term
"sejm" comes from an old Polish expression denoting a meeting of
the populace. The power of early sejms grew between 1146–1295, when the
power of individual rulers waned and various councils and wiece grew
stronger. The history of the national Sejm dates back to 1182. Since the
14th century irregular sejms (described in various Latin sources as
contentio generalis, conventio magna, conventio solemna, parlamentum,
parlamentum generale, dieta or Polish sejm walny) have been called by
Polish kings. From 1374, the king had to receive sejm permission to raise
taxes. The General Sejm (Polish Sejm Generalny or Sejm Walny), first
convoked by the king John I Olbracht in 1493 near Piotrków, evolved from
earlier regional and provincial meetings (sejmiks. It followed most closely
the sejmik generally, which arose from the 1454 Nieszawa Statutes, granted
to the szlachta (nobles) by King Casimir IV the Jagiellonian. From 1493
forward, indirect elections were repeated every two years. With the
development of the unique Polish Golden Liberty the Sejm's powers
increased. The Commonwealth's general parliament consisted of three
estates: the King of Poland (who also acted as the Grand Duke of Lithuania,
Russia/Ruthenia, Prussia, Mazovia, etc.), the Senat (consisting of
Ministers, Palatines, Castellans and Bishops) and the Chamber of
Envoys—circa 170 nobles (szlachta) acting on behalf of their Lands and sent
by Land Parliaments. Also representatives of selected cities but without
any voting powers. Since 1573 at a royal election all peers of the
Commonwealth could participate in the Parliament and become the King's
electors.
I HOPE NONE OF YOU REALLY READ THAT BULLSHIT, IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH
ANYTHING
as consolation for those poor people who did:
and so that the rest of you wouldn't get jelous:
irrelevant information: after a quick investigation I found out that the
most common journal entry starting words seem to be I, so and
fap. What that has to do with anything, is a mystery. But it's
a good title anyway.
I haven't been very active here, I was away practically the whole
summer. Of course, there are few things a b0gger couldn't resist to
check from time to time, the best things that b0g has to offer I think, for
example trizz journals, shops and some articles.
I was tired of my bony ass with my old comp, even shopping seemed to be a
hard one for it to process, so I bought myself a kickass machine.
Naturally, had to test the limits right after I got it. I tried a few very
nice games for example the elder scrolls: oblivion, supreme commander and,
as I was recommended here, bioshock. Btw,
thanks to everyone commenting there, it was most helpful! And if anyone has
something to comment to the games above - they suck, they rock, never heard
- feel free, I think they all were worth playing.
A couple of screenshots
Btw has anyone tried the game hellgate: london?? did it kick ass??
So much for nerdy stuff. Finland was recently all messed up by the high
school massacre at jokela high school, no-one was expecting anything like
that. Nothing ever happens here, in good and bad. Maybe in some of the
neighbors, the russia, it's enough fucked up country. Or at least that
sweden, they got some weird stuff going on all the time! But no, it hit the
little finland! So I'm just stating few things here: the jokela high
school massacre dude was on his last year at high school, so am I. He hated
the headmaster of his school, so does the whole of our school. He had many
radical tendencies as do many of the guys I know. The point of all this is
that if one day there's another article about high school shooting in
finland, and I stop showing up here, you know whose insides your looking at
in that article!
What else.. There's not much going on my life right now, still
sticking with the same gf and she's still surprising me with how
pervert she is. I was going to add some nice pics of her in here (not
totally nude but they got some good stuff on them!) but she hasn't
send them to me yet.. Maybe the next time I'm bored enough to write an
entry I'll show them.
But until that, I hope I'll never stop b0gging again, I feel this
place is for dumb freaks like me
posted by Pizzaburst on Saturday 17th November 2007, 12:21:16
ok, I don't know about hellgate, haven't tried it yet.
All those three were awesome and that supreme commander sure was
the one to almost put my comp on it's knees on top grafs
yep, but unfortunately its really heavy. If you have complete
deadric armor and some decent weapon, then its almost everything
that you can carry, unless you put some strength or feather
enchantment on it.
btw: what is that sword you carry? it looks nice. is it from
original game or from some plugin?
ok, so I wasn't really hoping you wouldn't do
it... but... I agree with Haze, if you are going to do
something make it personalized like scrawling
"because you're worth it" in poo on your
chest.
geehirn on Saturday 17th November 2007, 23:08:06 (#58397)
2 (2)
Crysis...like Far Cry another not optimized game that was only made to
make you buy new hardware.
Developers are sons of turkish immigrants..., which is not bad, but as
I see them acting...they should have stayed receiving commands like
"mit scharf"!
Hinnu on Sunday 18th November 2007, 08:27:40 (#58401)
I fapped 2nd 3rd and last pic..
and I agree that high school massacre I hate our headmaster in our school
too and it's only matter of time and if I get a gun big enough, and
finland will be a lot more america-like-country
Yeah you're right, the cops took my friend and said he was
too drunk, he only had like 2 beers. Fucking assholes. I'm
finnish but I live in Sweden btw.
so, I fap
